File Access Manager is a software program for accessing exclusively opened and locked files in windows. File Access Manager is owned and operated by VisionWorks Solutions.

See also

• File locking
• Volume Shadow Copy Service
• Open File Manager

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Probability topics Outline • Catalog of articles • Probablists • Glossary • Notation • Journals • Category

Statistics topics Outline • Statisticians • Glossary • Notation • Journals • Lists • Portal • Category

Probability theory and statistics has some commonly-used conventions of its own, in addition to standard mathematical notation and mathematical symbols.

Contents 1 Probability theory 2 Statistics 3 Critical values 4 Linear algebra 5 Abbreviations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Probability theory

• Random variables (e.g. the height of students) are written in upper case.
• Singular values are written in lower case (e.g. P( X = x ) can be the probability that a student is of height x).
• indicates the probability that events A and B both occur.
• indicates the probability of either event A or event B occurring (”or” in this case means one or the other or both).
• ?-algebras are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)
• (N-choose-k) is defined as the number of ways in which one can select k objects from N objects, and is an alternative term for binomial coefficient. Also defined as combination without repetition in combinations and permutations.
• Probability density functions (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters, e.g. f(x).
• Cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters, e.g. F(x).
• In particular, the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by ?(z), and its cdf by ?(z).
• Some common operators:

• E : expected value of X
• var : variance of X
• cov : covariance of X and Y

Statistics

• Greek letters (e.g. ?, ?) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).
• An estimate of a parameter is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol, e.g. , pronounced “theta hat”.
• The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers x₁, x₂, …, x_n is denoted by , pronounced “x bar”.

Critical values

The ?-level upper critical value of a probability distribution is the value exceeded with probability ?, that is, the value x_? such that F(x_?) = 1 ? ? where F is the cumulative distribution function. There are standard notations for the upper critical values of some commonly used distributions in statistics:

• z_? or z(?) for the Standard normal distribution
• t_?,? or t(?,?) for the t-distribution with ? degrees of freedom
• or ?²(?,?) for the chi-square distribution with ? degrees of freedom
• or F(?,?₁,?₂) for the F-distribution with ?₁ and ?₂ degrees of freedom

Linear algebra

• Matrices are usually denoted by boldface capital letters, e.g. A.
• Column vectors are usually denoted by boldface lower case letters, e.g. x.
• The transpose operator is denoted by either a superscript T (e.g. A^T) or a prime symbol (e.g. A?).
• A row vector is written as the transpose of a column vector, e.g. x^T or x?.

Abbreviations

Common abbreviations include:

• a.e. almost everywhere
• cdf cumulative distribution function
• cmf cumulative mass function
• df degrees of freedom (also ?)
• pdf probability density function
• pmf probability mass function
• r.v. random variable
• w.p. with probability

See also

• Glossary of probability and statistics
• Combinations and permutations
• Typographical conventions in mathematical formulae

References

• Halperin, Max; Hartley, H. O.; Hoel, P. G. (1965), “Recommended Standards for Statistical Symbols and Notation. COPSS Committee on Symbols and Notation”, The American Statistician 19 (3): 12–14, doi:10.2307/2681417, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1305%28196506%2919%3A3%3C12%3ARSFSSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I 

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Malaysia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Malaysia

Government Constitution Social contract Human rights Executive Yang di-Pertuan Agong Mizan Zainal Abidin Cabinet Prime Minister Najib Razak Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin Anti-Corruption Commission Legislative Parliament Dewan Negara Dewan Rakyat Judiciary Legal system Judiciary Elections Elections Election Commission Political parties/alliances Barisan Nasional Pakatan Rakyat Opposition Last election Foreign Policy Foreign relations Subdivisions Constituent States State legislatures Federal Territories

Other countries · Atlas  Politics portal view • talk • edit

Elections in Malaysia exist at two levels: national level and state level. National level elections are those for membership in the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of Parliament, while state level elections are for membership in the various State Legislative Assemblies. The head of the executive branch, the Prime Minister, is indirectly elected.

Contents 1 National level 2 State level 3 Local government elections 4 By-elections 5 Election process 5.1 Nomination process 5.2 Campaigning 6 Election day 6.1 Agents 6.2 Voting process 6.3 Counting and announcement of election results 7 Election offences 8 Controversy 9 List of General Elections in Malaya and Malaysia 10 Latest election 11 State and by-elections 12 References 12.1 Other references 13 See also 14 External links

National level

At the national level, voters elect the 222-member House of Representatives (Malay: Dewan Rakyat, literally “Hall of the People”) of the bicameral Parliament. Members are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population using the first past the post system. The party that has the majority of the House of Representatives will form the federal government.

The Constitution of Malaysia requires that a general election must be held at least once every five years. However, the Prime Minister can ask the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to dissolve the Parliament at any time before this five year period has expired. A general election should be held no later than three months after the dissolution of the Parliament.

Over the years, the predominant winner of the parliamentary election has always been the Barisan Nasional (National Front; once known as the Alliance), a coalition of fourteen parties.

See also: Parliamentary constituencies and state assemblies of Malaysia

State level

At the state level, voters elect representatives to the Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly). The number of representatives varies between the different states, with as many as 62 electorates in Sarawak and as little as 15 in Perlis. Members are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population using the first-past-the-post system. State assembly constituencies are usually smaller than the parliamentary constituencies. The party that forms the majority of the state assembly will form the state government.

Usually, state elections are held simultaneously with the parliamentary election but each state can decide when to hold its election. This is because state assemblies are dissolved by their respective Ruler or governor on the advice of the chief minister of the state. For example, in the 1999 general election, the state elections of the 11 states on Peninsular Malaysia were held simultaneously with the parliamentary election while the state elections of Sabah and Sarawak were held at different dates. In the 2004 general election, the state election of Sabah were held simultaneously with the parliamentary election as well, but Sarawak held its state election in 2006.

The Barisan Nasional usually controls the state assemblies in every election, with the notable exception of the state of Kelantan. Kelantan has been a stronghold of the Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) since 1959. However, Barisan Nasional lost an additional four states (Penang, Kedah, Perak and Selangor) to the loose coalition of opposition parties comprising of PAS, Democratic Action Party (DAP) and People’s Justice Party (PKR) in the 2008 elections, which has been termed by the Opposition as the ‘political tsunami’ of Malaysia.

Local government elections

Although there used to be elections for members of local governments such as municipal councils, today, no local government elections are held in Malaysia. Local government elections were suspended after the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in 1964. The suspension was never lifted and instead made permanent under the Local Government Act 1976. Under the Act, or the laws of individual states where relevant, local government members are appointed by the state government.

After Minister and People’s Progressive Party President M. Kayveas raised concerns about local governments in late 2005, some suggested reviving local government elections. However, in an opinion column, the New Straits Times (owned by the United Malays National Organisation or UMNO, leading party of the Barisan Nasional) quoted a professor from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia as saying that such elections would not be brought back because “policymakers know from experience worldwide that the Opposition tends to dominate such councils as part of the electorate’s desire for checks-and-balances.” The professor also stated that due to required constitutional changes, it would be difficult for such amendments to pass muster in Parliament. The column also quoted a government ministry as saying that “holding elections are expensive affairs”.

As of 2008, the Pakatan Rakyat states’ governments would like to implement the local government election in their states. However, these was not carried out due to the Federal Constitution which prohibit the implementation.

By-elections

In addition to general elections, a by-election is held in the respective constituency when a member of Parliament or state assembly dies, resigns or is disqualified from holding a seat. The exception is if the vacancy occurs when the tenure for the current Parliament or state assembly is less than two years, where the seat is simply left vacant until the next general election.

Election process

Elections are supervised by a seven-member politically neutral Election Commission. Its members are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong following the advice of the Prime Minister.

Nomination process

Nomination centres are set up in various locations by the Election Commission to allow candidates to register themselves. Typically any Malaysian citizen may register as a candidate as long as he is not disqualified from doing so. He or she does so by filing the appropriate forms and placing a monetary deposit. The deposit was RM5000 to contest a parliamentary seat, or RM3000 to contest a state assembly seat. This amount was changed to RM 10,000 and RM 5,000 respectively in 2004. Additionally in 2004 it was required that each candidate provide a RM 5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election. This increase is seen by some as having led to the government winning a record number of seats without contest in 2004 (17 parliamentary seats were won without contest). The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than 1/8th of the vote.

As of the 2004 elections, candidates may have a lawyer present at these proceedings. Some candidates have been disqualified from previous elections as they lacked the competence to fill in the forms correctly.

In 2004 candidates were given 1 hour to fill out and return their nomination forms as opposed to 2 hours previously. This led to disqualification of certain candidates who were unaware of the change.

Campaigning

The campaign period permitted by law runs from the date of nomination day until polling day. Campaigning amongst opposition parties is often hampered by a lack of access to government-controlled media. Prior to the 1999 general election, opposition parties were given a brief period of airtime on the public Radio Television Malaysia (RTM) radio stations to broadcast their manifestoes. However, the government announced a change of policy in 1999, insisting that as RTM was government-owned, preference would be given to government parties.

Election day

On election day, registered voters may cast their ballot for their chosen candidate in a designated voting centre. These voting centres are typically schools or community centres which have been procured for that day. All activities in the school are suspended for that day. Holidays are also declared in states where election day does not fall on a weekend to allow maximum turnout.

Certain political parties will provide transport for voters to and from the voting centre. While campaigning is not allowed on election day, transportation is seen as something of a social service, especially since many people did not have a personal means of conveyance until the last decade or two, as of 2004.

No campaigning or advocacy for candidates is allowed within a voting centre. However, just outside the gate of most voting centres, there will be people plugging the various candidates.

Agents

Each candidate is allowed one agent per voting centre. Their job starts early and begins by inspecting that the metal ballot boxes have not been tampered. They also ensure that the boxes are securely locked before voting begins. After locking, the boxes are sealed by the election commission and each agent may place their own seal on the box.

The agents also ensure that the ballot papers given out to voters do not contain markings. In the past certain parties have marked the ballot papers for their own candidates. This will result in a spoilt vote which is discarded during counting. Some ballot papers have been coated with waxy surfaces to prevent voting for certain candidates. The agents ensure that these events do not occur.

The last task of the agent is to ensure that, on the close of voting, the ballot boxes are still secure and the seals are intact. This may be done at a designated counting centre instead of the voting centre. The boxes are opened once the agents are certain that there is no tampering.

Voting process

Only registered voters may vote in elections. Any Malaysian citizens above 21 years old must register in the voters’ registry with the Election Commission via any offices affiliated with the Election Commission, post offices with computerised facilities or specified counters, before he or she could vote in elections.

After identity verification at a voting centre, each voter receives two paper ballots, one for the parliamentary seat of the constituency and another for the state assembly seat. In federal territories, where there is no state assembly, and states whose state election is held on a different date, each voter receives only one ballot for the parliamentary seat.

Each voter walks into individual booth to mark the ballots in secret. The voter marks on each ballot the candidate of his or her choice with a cross beside the candidate’s name and party symbol. After finish marking, the voter folds the ballots and drops them into separate ballot boxes for parliamentary and state assembly seats.

Counting and announcement of election results

After the close of voting the election agents check the ballot boxes prior to opening and counting. They also monitor the counting to ensure that the total ballots are the same as the number of votes cast. This extends to checking the number of “double votes”. Every ballot paper has a serial number on it and they are given out sequentially. Agents may check that the serial numbers match up. The counting of the ballots is done by hand.

After a count at the voting centre the boxes are transported to the counting centre for a second count. If all candidates agree to the count then it stands or else an immediate re-count is done at the counting centre.

Election results are announced through live broadcasts by radio and television stations. Some newspapers print special editions to cover the election results. In most constituencies, the results will be out on the night of the election day. In some rural constituencies and constituencies that need recounts, the results may not be announced until the next day.

Election offences

There are a few offences under election law. Most of these pertain to acts which induce a voter to cast his ballot for a candidate. It is also an offence to use these actions to induce voters not to cast ballots at all. These offences extend to using third parties as agents to commit them.

• It is an offence to provide food, drinks or refreshments with a view to induce voters to either vote for a particular candidate or not vote at all.
• It is illegal to provide monetary rewards for voting for a certain candidate.
• It is an offence to threaten a person to vote for a candidate or not to vote. In 2004 this was extended to include “spiritual threats”. This was due to the Islamic Party of Malaysia(PAS) threatening citizens in less developed parts of the country with eternal damnation if they did not vote for the PAS and that a vote for them would be rewarded by God.
• It is an offence to obstruct passage to and from a voting centre. Setting up a location for any candidate within 50 yards (50 m) of the voting centre is an offence. Similarly, loitering in this zone is also an offence. Only voters are allowed in this zone on voting day.
• It is technically an offence to provide transportation to a voting centre. However, this is not normally enforced as all parties do this to some degree. It is a further offence to use a vehicle that is normally rented out (such as a taxi or hired bus) to provide such transportation. The only exception to this is that it is allowed to provide for the crossing of rivers. No passengers of any vehicle can be forced to alight within 50 yards (46 m) of a candidate’s booth on voting day.
• Each candidate is not allowed to spend more than RM 200,000 (parliamentary) or RM 100,000 (state) for campaigning under Section 19 of the Elections Offences Act, 1954. It has been alleged, however, that the governing Barisan Nasional coalition spent around RM1.5 billion in the 2004 general election, far more than the RM94,300,000 permitted under the regulations.

Controversy

“Phantom voters” — dead voters who participate in elections — were a feature of the 1999 and 2004 general elections criticised by the opposition. In 2006, the Election Commission announced that in an effort to reduce instances of phantom voting, 180,000 dead voters would be purged from the electoral roll. The Election Commission’s independence has been criticised; its chairman has stated that although de jure the Commission is independent, “the law is inadequate to put us on par with most developed countries, and some developing ones”.

Allegations of vote-buying are also common; one media outlet has editorialised that “Buying political support, especially by paying voters money, is common in Malaysia, and bribing lawmakers to defect, while not widespread, is known to occur.”

Postal votes — military personnel are allowed postal voting whereby they do not need to be at any secure polling station in person. Arguments arise as to whether they were forced to vote and to how their identities cannot be kept a secret using the postal voting process. Of great concern is also how the postal votes may be distributed to constituents that need them the most. The impartial rules and process of this system, if any, are not comprehensive and cannot be guaranteed.

List of General Elections in Malaya and Malaysia

Edition	Year	Government*			Opposition			Total seats
		Seats	% seats	% vote	Seats	% seats	% vote
1	1959**	74	71.15	51.7	30	28.85	48.3	104
2	1964**	89	85.58	58.5	15	14.42	41.5	104
3	1969	95	65.97	49.3	49	34.03	50.7	144
4	1974	135	87.66	60.7	19	12.34	39.3	154
5	1978	130	84.42	57.2	24	15.58	42.8	154
6	1982	132	85.71	60.5	22	14.29	39.5	154
7	1986	148	83.62	55.8	29	16.38	41.5	177
8	1990	127	70.55	53.4	53	29.45	46.6	180
9	1995	162	84.38	65.2	30	15.62	34.8	192
10	1999	148	76.68	56.5	45	23.32	43.5	193
11	2004	198	90.41	63.9	21	9.59	36.1	219
12	2008	140	62.61	52.2	82	36.93	47.8	222

*	“Government” means Alliance Party between 1959 and 1964 inclusively; Alliance and Sarawak United People’s Party for 1969; and Barisan Nasional since 1974
**	Sabah and Sarawak did not participate in respective edition.
Source: Arah Aliran Malaysia: Penilaian Pilihan Raya (PDF)

Latest election

Main article: Malaysian general election, 2008

–
Summary of the 8 March 2008 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results

	Votes	% of vote	Seats	% of seats	+/–
National Front (Barisan Nasional):	4,082,411	50.27	140	63.1	?58
United Malays National Organization (Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu, UMNO)	2,381,725	29.33	79	35.6	?30
Malaysian Chinese Association (Persatuan Cina Malaysia, MCA)	840,489	10.35	15	6.8	?16
Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongres India Se-Malaysia, MIC)	179,422	2.21	3	1.4	?6
Malaysian People’s Movement Party (Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, Gerakan)	184,548	2.27	2	0.9	?8
United Traditional Bumiputera Party (Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu, PBB)	131,243	1.62	14	6.3	?3
Sarawak United People’s Party (Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak, SUPP)	119,264	1.47	6	2.7	?
Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (Parti Demokratik Progresif Sarawak, SPDP)	52,645	0.65	4	1.8	?
Sarawak People’s Party (Parti Rakyat Sarawak, PRS)	33,410	0.41	6	2.7	?6
United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (Pertubuhan Pasok Momogun Kadazandusun Bersatu, UPKO)	58,856	0.72	4	1.8	?
United Sabah Party (Parti Bersatu Sabah, PBS)	44,885	0.55	3	1.4	?1
Sabah Progressive Party (Parti Maju Sabah, SAPP)	30,827	0.38	2	1.4	?2
United Sabah People’s Party* (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah, PBRS)			1	0.5	?
Liberal Democratic Party (Parti Liberal Demokratik, LDP)	8,297	0.10	1	0.5	?1
People’s Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia, PPP)	16,800	0.21	0	0	?1
People’s Front (Now known as Pakatan Rakyat (or People’s Pact)):	3,796,464	46.75	82	36.9	?62
People’s Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat, PKR)	1,509,080	18.58	31	14.0	?30
Islamic Party of Malaysia (Parti Islam SeMalaysia, PAS)	1,140,676	14.05	23	10.4	?16
Democratic Action Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik, DAP)	1,118,025	13.77	28	12.6	?16
Non-partisans (and others)	65,399	0.81	0	0	?1
Overall total	7,944,274	100	222	100	?3
*PBRS won its only seat uncontested on nomination day Source: Sin Chew Jit Poh, Malaysia

State and by-elections

v • d • e State elections in Malaysia Sabah 1967 · 1971 · 1976 · 1981 · 1985 · 1986 · 1990 · 1994 · 1999 · 2004 · 2008 Sarawak 1969 · 1974 · 1979 · 1983 · 1987 · 1991 · 1996 · 2001 · 2006 Singapore 1963

v • d • e By-elections in Malaysia since 2000 State Assemblies Sanggang 2000 · Lunas 2000 · Pahang 2001 · Indera Kayangan 2002 · Ketari 2002 · Kuala Berang 2004 · Pengkalan Pasir 2005 · Batu Talam 2007 · Machap 2007 · Ijok 2007  · Bukit Selambau 2009  · Batang Ai 2009  · Penanti 2009  · Manek Urai 2009 Parliamentary Permatang Pauh 2008  · Kuala Terengganu 2009  · Bukit Gantang 2009

References

1. ^ Polling In Sarawak State Election Completed. (May 20, 2006). BERNAMA.
2. ^ Rahman, Rashid A. (1994). The Conduct of Elections in Malaysia, p. 10. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing. ISBN 967-969-331-7.
3. ^ Chow, Kum Hor (10-08-2005), “‘Third government’ is ratepayers’ bugbear”, New Straits Times 
4. ^ Rahman, p. 133.
5. ^ Ingram, Simon (Nov. 16, 1999). Malaysia’s much-maligned media. BBC News.
6. ^ Kamarudin, Raja Petra (Mar. 13, 2006). Do you believe in miracles?. Malaysia Today.
7. ^ Loh, Deborah (Nov. 19, 2006). Rolling out 180,000 dead voters. New Straits Times.
8. ^ “Anwar: BN MPs want to defect”. The Malaysian Insider. 2008-03-17. http://themalaysianinsider.com/mni/anwar-says-bn-members-willing-to-defect.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 
9. ^ “3 Sin Chew Jit Poh nationwide results statistics”. Sin Chew Jit Poh. March 10, 2008. http://www.sinchew-i.com/special/election2008/result.phtml. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. 

Other references

• Chin, James. 2002. “Malaysia: The Barisan National Supremacy.” In David Newman & John Fuh-sheng Hsieh (eds), How Asia Votes, pp. 210–233. New York: Chatham House, Seven Bridges Press. ISBN 1-889119-41-5.
• Chow, Kum Hor (Oct. 8, 2005). “‘Third government’ is ratepayers’ bugbear”. New Straits Times, p. 18.
• Crouch, Harold. 1996. Government and Society in Malaysia. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8310-7.

See also

• Electoral calendar
• Electoral system

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A hot dog bun. The side-loading variety is shown in this image.

A hot dog bun is a type of bun shaped specifically to contain a hot dog. There are two basic types: top loading, which is popular in New England, and side loading, preferred in the South and Midwest United States.

The advantages to a top loader are that it holds the hot dog securely and fits nicely into little three sided paper boxes. Top loaders are generally baked side by side and torn apart as needed, leaving a flat side surface for grilling.

Side loaders tend to be doughier, so are more likely to successfully sop up all the juices from chili or sauerkraut without falling apart.

Hot dog buns can also be used to eat peanut butter and jelly. This fad is growing in popularity in the Pacific Northwest.

It is often referenced in popular culture that store-bought hot dogs and hot dog buns are sold in different quantities, supposedly as a ploy for customers to buy more of each.

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Carbajal may refer to:

Geographical locations

Fuentes de Carbajal is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 124 inhabitants.

Historical people

• Garcí Manuel de Carbajal, Spanish conquistador, founder of city Arequipa in Peru
• Luis de Carbajal (1531 – died after 1618) was a Spanish painter of the Renaissance period. Born in Toledo, he was the brother of the sculptor and architect Juan Bautista Monegro, and pupil of Juan de Villoldo.

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This article may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (July 2008)

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The Borg

Founded	Before the 15th century
Base of operations	Delta Quadrant

The Borg are a fictional pseudo-race of cybernetic organisms depicted in the Star Trek franchise. The Borg play major roles in The Next Generation and Voyager television series, primarily as an invasion threat to the United Federation of Planets and the means of return to the Alpha Quadrant for isolated Federation starship Voyager, respectively. The Borg have become a symbol in popular culture for any juggernaut against which “resistance is futile”.

The Borg manifest as cybernetically enhanced humanoid drones of multiple species, organized as an interconnected collective, the decisions of which are made by a hive mind. The Borg inhabit a vast region of space in the Delta Quadrant of the galaxy, possessing millions of vessels and having conquered thousands of systems. They operate solely toward the fulfilling of one purpose: to “add the biological and technological distinctiveness of other species to their own” in pursuit of perfection. This is achieved through forced assimilation, a process which transforms individuals and technology into Borg, enhancing, and simultaneously controlling, individuals by implanting or appending synthetic components.

In their first introduction to the franchise, little information is forthcoming about the Borg or their origins and intents. In alien encounters, they exhibit no desire for negotiation or reason, only to assimilate. Exhibiting a rapid adaptability to any situation or threat, with encounters characterized by matter of fact imperative ‘resistance is futile’, the Borg develop into one of the greatest threats to Starfleet and the Federation. Originally perceived on screen as a homogeneous and anonymous entity, the concepts of a Borg Queen and central control are later introduced, while representatives for the Borg collective are occasionally employed to act as a go-between in more complicated plot lines.

In Star Trek, attempts to resist the Borg become one of the central themes, with many examples of successful resistance to the collective, both from existing or former drones, and assimilation targets, with at least one species being shown as having superior capabilities to the Borg. It is also demonstrated that it is possible to survive assimilation (most notably Jean-Luc Picard), and that drones can escape the collective (most notably Seven of Nine), and become individuals, or exist collectively without forced assimilation of others.

Contents 1 Concept 2 Characteristics 2.1 General design 2.2 Assimilation 2.3 Borg Queen 3 Character history 3.1 The Next Generation 3.2 First Contact 3.3 Voyager 3.4 Enterprise 3.5 Other media 4 Origin 5 In computer games 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

Concept

In the text commentary to the Collector’s Edition of Star Trek: First Contact, Michael Okuda revealed that Star Trek: The Next Generation writers began to develop the idea of the Borg as early as the first season episode, “Conspiracy”, which introduced a coercive, symbiotic life form that took over key Federation personnel. It was thwarted by the Enterprise crew and presumably never heard of again. Plans to feature the Borg as an increasingly menacing threat were subsequently scrapped in favor of a more subtle introduction, culminating in the encounter between Borg and the Enterprise crew in “Q Who?”.

The Borg were a concept born out of necessity for Star Trek to feature a new antagonist and regular enemy that was lacking during the first season of The Next Generation; the Klingons were allies and the Romulans mostly absent. The Ferengi were originally intended as the new enemy for the United Federation of Planets, but their comical, unintimidating appearance and devotion to capitalist accumulation or “free enterprise” failed to portray them as a convincing threat. They were subsequently reassigned the role of annoying but cute comic relief characters. The Borg, with their frightening appearance, immense power, and, most importantly, their sinister motive became the signature villains for the The Next Generation and Voyager eras of Star Trek. The Star Trek franchise is not the first Sci-Fi franchise to have a cybernetic foe that has battled the heroes several times. Starting in 1966 and continuing to date, Doctor Who has often featured it’s cybernetic baddies, the Cybermen. These too are technologically advanced humans which require assimilation rather than breeding to increase their numbers.

Characteristics

General design

Though Borg rarely look alike, they share several common characteristics. Borg commonly have one eye replaced with a sophisticated ocular implant which allows them to see beyond the human visual spectrum. This implant usually projects a red laser beam, particularly in later appearances. They also usually have one arm replaced with a multi-purpose tool.

Owing to their cybernetic enhancements, all Borg are far stronger than ordinary humans to varying degrees (depending on the species the drone came from). However, they never run to their destination, and hence most species can outpace them. Borg drones are resistant to phaser fire, being completely immune to the stun setting. In addition, all Borg drones possess personal shielding which collectively adapts to phaser fire. In various episodes, phasers tend to become ineffective after a dozen shots at most, depending on the settings and time between shots. Phaser frequencies can be altered to penetrate the shield, but the Borg adapt more quickly with each modulation. Borg are also susceptible to holodeck-generated bullets (assuming the holodeck safety protocols are disengaged) and melee weapons, as demonstrated in Star Trek: First Contact.

Individual Borg rarely speak except in cases where such communication is necessary. Instead, they send a collective audio message to their targets stating that “resistance is futile”, followed by a declaration that the target in question will be assimilated and its biological and technological distinctiveness will be added to their own. The exact phrasing varies among appearances, and the biological aspect is entirely absent when the Borg are first introduced.

Assimilation

In the Star Trek fictional universe, assimilation is the process by which the Borg integrate beings and cultures into their collective. “You will be assimilated” is one of the few on-screen phrases employed by the Borg when communicating with other species. The Borg are portrayed as having encountered and assimilated thousands of species and billions to trillions of individual life-forms throughout the galaxy. The Borg designate each species with a number assigned to them upon first contact.

When first introduced, the Borg are said to be more interested in assimilating technology than people, roaming the universe as single-minded marauders that have assimilated starships, planets, and entire societies in order to collect new technology. (TNG: “Q Who?”) A Borg infant found aboard the first cube introduced suggested that they reproduced rather than assimilated life-forms.

Patrick Stewart as Locutus, the assimilated Jean-Luc Picard

In their second appearance, “The Best of Both Worlds”, they capture and assimilate Jean-Luc Picard into the collective by surgically altering him, creating Locutus of Borg. After this, life-form assimilation becomes much more prominent in their overall behavior.

The method of assimilating individual life-forms into the collective has been represented differently over time, only consistent in that infant and fetal humanoids have been grown in an accelerated state and surgically receive implants connected directly into the brain, as well as ocular devices, tool-enhanced limbs, armor, and other prosthetics. In Star Trek: First Contact, the method of adult assimilation is depicted with the more efficient injection of nanoprobes into the individual’s bloodstream through a pair of tubules that spring forth from the drone’s hand. Assimilation by nanoprobe is depicted on-screen as being a fast-acting process, with the victim’s skin pigmentation turning grey with visible dark tracks forming within moments of contact. The individual is then taken away for complete assimilation by drones; the individual has all traces of individuality removed and implants are attached to the new drone so it can fulfill its new role in the collective.

Because assimilation depends on nanoprobes, species with an extremely advanced immune system such as Species 8472 are able to reject assimilation.

Nanoprobes are microscopic machines that inhabit a Borg’s body, bloodstream, and many cybernetic implants. The probes perform the function of maintaining the Borg cybernetic systems, as well as repairing damage to the organic parts of a Borg. They generate new technology inside a Borg when needed as well as protecting them from many forms of disease and virus. Borg nanoprobes, each about the size of a human red blood cell (RBC), travel through the victim’s bloodstream and latch on to individual cells. The nanoprobes rewrite the cellular DNA, altering the victim’s biochemistry, and eventually form larger, more complicated structures and networks within the body such as electrical pathways, processing and data storage nodes, and ultimately prosthetic devices that spring forth from the skin. In “Mortal Coil”, Seven of Nine states that the Borg assimilated the nanoprobe technology from “Species 149″.

Though used by the Borg to exert control over another being, nanoprobes were used by the crew of the starship Voyager in many instances as medical aids. The probes were used to revive crewman Neelix 18 hours, 49 minutes and 13 seconds after death by repairing his body, as are they used to treat various visitors’ ailments.

The capability of nanoprobes to absorb improved technologies they encounter into the Borg collective is demonstrated in the Voyager episode “Drone”, where Seven of Nine’s nanoprobes are fused with the Doctor’s futuristic mobile emitter, creating a 29th century drone with capabilities far surpassing that of current drones. Fortunately for Voyager, this drone’s enhanced capabilities are not disseminated throughout the collective; the drone, in fact, sacrificed itself to save Voyager‘s crew.

In William Shatner’s novel The Return, Spock is nearly assimilated by the Borg, but is saved by the fact that he mind-melded with V’ger. This is because, according to Shatner’s novel, the alien race that found V’ger was an earlier form of the Borg. Spock was saved from assimilation because he had part of the Borg Collective in his mind after he mind-melded with V’ger.

Borg Queen

Prior to the movie Star Trek: First Contact, the Borg exhibit no hierarchical command structure, instead using a structure similar in principle to the internet with no control center and distributed processing. Star Trek: First Contact introduced the Borg Queen (played by Alice Krige in every episode save for “Dark Frontier” and “Unimatrix Zero”). The Borg Queen is the focal point within the Borg collective consciousness and a unique drone within the collective, who originates from Species 125, that brings “order to chaos”, referring to herself as “we” and “I” interchangeably. The introduction of the Borg Queen radically changed the canon understanding of the Borg function; some fans consider the Borg queen “nothing more than an illogical plot device” designed to make for “good theater.”

Borg Queen in First Contact

In First Contact, the Borg Queen is seen as apparently present during Picard’s former assimilation at the start as flashbacks in Picard’s mind, and was believed destroyed along with that Borg cube years earlier. Here, she instead directs her attentions to Data. After he is captured by her drones, she tries to tempt him with live flesh to comply with her. This Queen is destroyed when her organic components are melted off as a result of Data’s deception. She is destroyed in the Voyager episode “Endgame”, as well. In the Star Trek: The Experience attraction The Borg Invasion 4-D, the Borg Queen re-appears after Voyager returns to the Alpha Quadrant, but as Admiral Janeway attempts to kill her, she activates a transporter, allowing her to survive.

In the Star Trek: Voyager relaunch novels, the Borg Queen isn’t a single, irreplaceable entity, but the product of a program called “The Royal Protocol” that shares its name with a Starfleet document outlining requirements when dealing with foreign royalty. This program is used to create a Borg Queen from any female Borg, commanding the technology within her to alter and adapt to the Protocol’s specifications. In the relaunch novels, one of the leaders of Starfleet Intelligence gets her hands on “The Royal Protocol” and, with the use of an Emergency Medical Hologram, turns herself into a new kind of Borg Queen who cares about and loves her drones.

In the Mirror Universe story “The Worst of Both Worlds” by Greg Cox, the Queen is portrayed as a male. This version apparently can inhabit both male and female bodies, depending on the situation, but prefers females.

Alternatively, in the game Star Trek Legacy, bonus content unlockable through the course of the game further explains the role of the queen. It is suggested that the females of a particular species have a natural ability to filter and control the immense ‘traffic’ of thought present in the collective consciousness of the Borg. These females, in a sense, serve as regulators or signal boosters even, assisting in maintaining the complete consciousness over the thousands of lightyears of Borg space. This also presents the possibility of multiple queens, which would be a suitable explanation for why two separate Starfleet captains have ‘killed the queen’. In the illustration accompanying the explanation, all the females distinctly resemble the queen portrayed on screen.

Character history

The Next Generation

The Borg first appear in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode “Q Who?”, when the omnipotent life-form Q transports the Enterprise-D across the galaxy to challenge Jean-Luc Picard’s assertion that his crew is ready to face the unexplored galaxy’s unknown dangers and mysteries. The Enterprise crew is quickly overwhelmed by the relentless Borg, and Picard eventually asks for and receives Q’s help in returning the ship to its previous coordinates in the Alpha Quadrant. At the episode’s conclusion, Picard suggests to Guinan that Q did “the right thing for the wrong reason” (a T. S. Eliot quotation) by showing the dangers they will eventually face. The episode suggests that the Borg may have been responsible for the destruction of Federation and Romulan colonies in the TNG first-season finale, “The Neutral Zone”.

The Borg next appear in The Next Generation‘s third-season finale and fourth-season premiere, “The Best of Both Worlds”. In the third-season cliffhanger, Picard is abducted and subsequently assimilated by the Borg and transformed into Locutus, the Latin term for “he who has spoken”. “Locutus” is the Borg method of describing the former Picard as the representative of the Borg in all future contacts related to humanity. Picard’s knowledge of Starfleet is gained by the collective, and the single cube easily wipes out all resistance in its path, notably the entire Starfleet armada at Wolf 359, which consisted of 40 starships, some of which were sent from the Klingon Empire. The Enterprise crew manages to capture Locutus and gain information through him which allows them to destroy the cube. Picard is later “deassimilated”.

In the fifth-season episode “I, Borg”, the Enterprise crew rescues a solitary Borg who is given the name “Hugh” by Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge. The crew faces the moral decision of whether or not to use Hugh (who begins to develop a sense of independence as a result of a severed link to the collective consciousness of the Borg) as an apocalyptic means of delivering a devastating computer virus that would theoretically destroy the Borg, or to humanely allow him to return to the Borg with his individuality intact. They decide to return him without the virus. This is followed up in the sixth-season cliffhanger “Descent”, which depicts a group of rogue Borg who had “assimilated” individuality through Hugh. These rogue Borg fell under the control of the psychopathic android Lore, the “older brother” of Data.

In cult leader-like fashion, Lore had manipulated them into following him by appealing to their restored emotions and exploiting their new-found senses of individuality and fear, hoping to turn them on the Federation. Lore also corrupts Data through the use of the emotion chip he had stolen from Noonien Soong (Data and Lore’s creator). In the end, Data’s ethical subroutines are restored (having been suppressed by Lore through use of the emotion chip) and he manages to deactivate Lore after a battle in which a renegade Borg faction led by Hugh attacks the main complex. Data reclaims the emotion chip, Lore is mentioned as needing to be dismantled (for safety) and the surviving Borg fall under the leadership of Hugh. The fate of these deassimilated Borg is not revealed.

First Contact

The Borg return as the antagonists in the film Star Trek: First Contact. After again failing to assimilate Earth by means of a direct assault in the year 2373, the Borg (in a Borg sphere launched during the destruction of the cube) travel back in time to the year 2063 in an attempt to stop Zefram Cochrane’s first contact with the Vulcans and in effect erase the Federation from history. The sphere is destroyed and crash lands into the Arctic, which is subsequently used as the premise for the Star Trek: Enterprise episode “Regeneration”. The film also introduces the Borg Queen, a recurring character in Star Trek: Voyager.

Voyager

Seven of Nine in Star Trek: Voyager

The Borg make frequent appearances in Star Trek: Voyager, which takes place in the Delta Quadrant, where the Borg make their home. The Borg are first discovered by Voyager in episode “Blood Fever”. Later Chakotay discovers a population of ex-Borg of various species in “Unity”. In “Scorpion”, the Borg are engaged in a futile war against the much more powerful Species 8472. In exchange for safe passage through Borg space, the Voyager crew devises a way to destroy the otherwise immune Species 8472. Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01, is dispatched to Voyager to facilitate this arrangement.

After successfully driving Species 8472 back into their fluidic space, Seven of Nine attempts to assimilate Voyager and is severed from the hive mind, becoming a member of Voyager‘s crew. Seven of Nine’s rediscovery of her humanity becomes a recurring plot point of the series. Flashbacks and allusions in several episodes, such as “The Raven”, establish that prior to her assimilation, Seven of Nine was Annika Hansen, the child of scientists who studied the Borg in the Delta Quadrant independent of the Federation.

In “Drone”, an advanced Borg drone is created when Seven of Nine’s nanoprobes are fused with the Doctor’s mobile emitter in a transporter accident. The drone, who adopts the moniker “One”, involuntarily sends a signal to the collective, bringing a sphere to Voyager. One destroys the Borg ship and lets himself die to protect Voyager from further Borg pursuits.

In “Dark Frontier”, Captain Kathryn Janeway decides to attack the Borg in the hopes of stealing a transwarp coil to aid in Voyager‘s journey home. The Borg Queen learns of the plot and offers Seven of Nine a deal to spare Voyager in exchange for her rejoining the collective. Voyager recovers the transwarp coil and uses it, with the Delta Flyer, to save Seven from the Queen. Voyager uses the transwarp coil to travel 20,000 light-years before it burns out.

In the Voyager finale, “Endgame”, a version of Janeway from a future alternate timeline travels back in time to aid in Voyager‘s return to the Alpha Quadrant through the use of a Borg transwarp hub, one of six such structures in the galaxy which allow Borg ships to traverse galactic distances in minutes. This Janeway allows herself to be assimilated, delivering a neurolytic pathogen that disrupts the Queen’s link to the collective, killing her and destroying the Borg Unicomplex. Voyager uses the transwarp hub to travel back to the Alpha Quadrant, destroying it as they do.

Enterprise

In the Enterprise episode “Regeneration”, the remnants of the destroyed sphere from Star Trek: First Contact are discovered in the Arctic. Once unearthed, the Borg quickly revive and steal an unarmed research ship, modifying it to match Starfleet technology in a matter of hours. The drones manage to send a transmission toward the Delta Quadrant before they are destroyed. According to dialogue, their transmission would reach its destination in 200 years, essentially establishing a closed time loop with the events of “Q Who”, explaining why the cube in the latter episode was already en route to Earth. Although the Borg never identify themselves as such in dialog, the episode’s events prompt characters to allude to Zefram Cochrane’s claims that “strange cybernetic creatures from the future” tried to interfere with first contact.

Another Enterprise episode, planned for the fifth season of the show (which never materialized), would have featured Alice Krige as a Starfleet medical technician who encounters the Borg and is assimilated - thereby becoming the Borg Queen.

Other media

In the non-canonical Star Trek: The Manga, the crew of the Enterprise under James T. Kirk discovers an alien station operating near a black hole. The commander of the station appears to be abducting races in a desperate attempt to cure a strange plague among his people. Using his own daughter as a guinea pig, he is able to create a cure for the plague, though the end result is always assimilation into the consciousness of his daughter, the future Borg Queen, for those cured.

In the Star Trek novel Probe, which takes place following the events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, the Borg are mentioned obliquely in communication with the whale-probe as spacefaring “mites” (the whale-probe’s term for humanoid races) who traveled in cubical and spherical spacefaring vessels; the Borg apparently attacked the whale-probe and damaged its memory in some fashion prior to the events of the film.

In the Star Trek Game Star Trek “Legacy” the Borg are featured mid way through the TOS era as “Assimilated Klingon ships” then in the final mission once the player has completed the primary objective a confrontation with T’urell ensures where she will depart and the player must destroy a Borg Sphere.

The Peter David novel Vendetta reveals that the planet killer weapon from the Original Series episode “The Doomsday Machine” is a prototype for a weapon against the Borg. David revisited this concept in a 2007 sequel novel, Before Dishonor.

Origin

The origin of the Borg is never made clear, though they are portrayed as having existed for thousands of centuries (as attested by Guinan and the Borg Queen). In Star Trek: First Contact, the Borg Queen merely states that the Borg were once much like humanity, “flawed and weak,” but gradually developed into a partially synthetic species in an ongoing attempt to evolve and perfect themselves.

In TNG’s “Q Who.”, Guinan mentions that the Borg are “made up of organic and artificial life which has been developing for thousands of centuries.” In the later episode of Star Trek: Voyager, “Dragon’s Teeth”, Gedrin says that before he and his people were put into suspended animation over 900 years earlier, the Borg were just a few assimilated colonies inside the Delta quadrant and viewed somewhat like a minor pain. Now awake in the 24th century, he’s amazed to see that the Borg control a vast area of the Delta quadrant.

The Star Trek Encyclopedia speculates that there could be a connection between the Borg and V’ger, the vessel encountered in Star Trek: The Motion Picture; this is advanced in William Shatner’s novel, The Return. The connection was also suggested in a letter in Starlog #160 (November 1990). The letter writer, Christopher Haviland, also speculated that the original Borg drones were members of a race called “The Preservers”, which Spock had suggested in the original series episode The Paradise Syndrome might be responsible for why so many humanoids populate the galaxy. Coincidentally, in the novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (written by Gene Roddenberry), the V’ger entity notes that the Ilia probe is resisting the programming given to it because of residual memories and feelings for Decker. When V’ger becomes aware of this, it is aware that “the resistance was futile, of course”.

The extra section of the game Star Trek: Legacy contains the “Origin of the Borg”, which tells the story of V’ger being sucked into a black hole. V’ger was found by a race of living machines which gave it a form suitable to fulfilling its simplistic programming. Unable to determine who its creator could be, the probe declared all carbon-based life an infestation of the creator’s universe, leading to assimilation. From this, the Borg were created, as extensions of V’ger’s purpose. Drones were made from those assimilated and merged into a collective consciousness. The Borg Queen was created out of the necessity for a single unifying voice. However, with thoughts and desires of her own, she was no longer bound to serve V’ger. This explanation, however, is not canon.

In the graphic novel Star Trek: The Manga, the Borg resulted from an experiment in medical nanotechnology gone wrong. An alien species under threat of extinction by an incurable disease created a repository satellite containing test subjects infused with body parts, organs, and DNA of multiple species along with cybernetic enhancements put in place by advanced medical technology. The satellite was maintained by nanomachines, which also maintained the medical equipment on board. The medical facility is parked in orbit by a black hole, and along with the anomalous states of time around the black hole, allows long-term research to continue in an accelerated pace, which allows research to be done at an altered time scale rather than in real time speed. The medical facility deteriorates and so too does the programming of the nanomachines. The nanomachines began infusing themselves into the patients, interpreting them as part of the satellite in needing repair. Among the patients is the daughter of head medical researcher of the satellite. The satellite eventually falls apart in an encounter with an away team from the Enterprise under the command of James T. Kirk. In the final moments of the satellite’s destruction and the escape of the crew members of the Enterprise with the patients, the subjects display qualities inherently resembling the Borg; injection of nanomachines in a fashion like assimilation, rapid adaptation to weaponry, and a hive mind consciousness, as all the subjects begin following the whim of the daughter. As succumbing to the disease was inevitable, and the corrupt nanomachine programing infused itself into the bodies, the final image of the page of the manga Borg origin is left with the daughter turned Borg Queen, stating, “Resistance is futile.”

In the novel Lost Souls (the third book in the Star Trek: Destiny trilogy) the Borg are revealed to be the survivors of the Caeliar city Mantilis. Thrown across the galaxy in the Delta Quadrant and back in time to approximately 4500 BC by the destruction of Erigol at the climax of Gods of Night, the first book in the trilogy, a group of human survivors from the starship Columbia NX-02 and Caeliar scientists try to survive in a harsh arctic climate. Most of the human survivors die of exposure, while several Caeliar are absorbed into their race’s gestalt to give life to the others in their groupmind.

The Caeliar offer the remaining humans a merging of human and Caeliar, to allow both groups to survive. The human survivors are resistant and as time goes on, the Caeliar called Sedin becomes the sole survivor of her group, her mental processes and her form both degrading as time goes on. When the humans return to Sedin for help, she forces them to merge with her, unwilling to allow herself to die when a union can save her life. The forced merging of the humans and the mostly-decayed Caeliar results in the creation of the first Borg. The gestalt group mind is perverted to become the Collective, driven by Sedin’s desperate hunger and need to add the strength, technology and life-force of others to her own. Ironically, while the Caeliar were - albeit accidentally - involved in the creation of the Borg, they also provide the means to end it; in the 24th century, the Caeliar absorb the entire Borg collective back into themselves, ending the cyborgs’ centuries-long reign of terror.

In computer games

The Borg appear as antagonists to the player in the following Star Trek game titles:

• Star Trek: Birth of the Federation
• Star Trek: Armada
• Star Trek: Armada II
• Star Trek: Away Team
• Star Trek: Borg
• Star Trek: Voyager - Elite Force
• Star Trek Elite Force II
• Starfleet Command III
• Star Trek: Encounters
• Star Trek: Invasion
• Star Trek Legacy
• Star Trek: Conquest

Activision at one point planned to release Star Trek: Borg Assimilator, in which the player would play a Borg, but later canceled the game.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Borg

• Cyberman
• Resistance is futile - the popular phrase frequently used by the Borg
• Borg starships
• List of fictional assimilating races

References

1. ^ Lois H. Gresh & Robert Weinberg, The Computers of Star Trek. New York: Basic Books (1999): 147. “It was a lot easier for viewers to focus on a villain rather than a hive-mind that made decisions based on the input of all its members.”
2. ^ Okuda, Mike and Denise Okuda, with Debbie Mirek (1999). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-53609-5. 
3. ^ Nemeck, Larry (2003). Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-5798-6. 

Further reading

• Patrick Thaddeus Jackson and Daniel H. Nexon, “Representation is Futile?: American Anti-Collectivism and the Borg” in Jutta Weldes, ed., To Seek Out New Worlds: Science Fiction and World Politics. 2003. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29557-X. Pp. 143-167.
• Thomas A. Georges. Digital Soul: Intelligent Machines and Human Values. Boulder: Westview. ISBN 0-8133-4057-8. p. 172. (The Borg as Big Business)

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SMK Bandar Baru Uda

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This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from other articles related to it. (November 2006)

SMK Bandar Baru UDA or Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bandar Baru UDA is the main secondary school in Bandar Baru UDA, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. The school is located near

Masjid Jamek Bandar Baru UDA.

This article about a school in Malaysia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMK_Bandar_Baru_Uda”
Categories: Schools in Johor | Malaysia school stubsHidden categories: Orphaned articles from November 2006 | All orphaned articles | Malaysia articles missing geocoordinate data

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Silene hicesiae
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Caryophyllales Family: Caryophyllaceae Genus: Silene Species: S. hicesiae
Binomial name
Silene hicesiae Brullo & Signorello, 1984

Silene hicesiae is a species of plant in the Caryophyllaceae family. It is endemic to Italy. Its natural habitats are Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Silene hicesiae

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Richard (”Willi”) Jahn (born February 27, 1889, date of death unknown) was a German track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

In 1912 he was eliminated in the first round of the 800 metres competition.

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Guangdong-Hong Kong Cup 1992-93 is the 15th staging of this two-leg competition between Hong Kong and Guangdong.

The first leg was played in Mong Kok Stadium on 3 January 1993 while the second leg was played in Guangzhou on 10 January 1993.

Hong Kong captured champion by winning an aggregate 2-1 against Guangdong.

Contents 1 Squads 1.1 Hong Kong 1.2 Guangdong 2 Trivia 3 Results 4 References

Squads

Hong Kong

The Hong Kong team consists mainly of players from Eastern and the team has 3 non-Hong Kong players.
Some of the players in the squad include:

• Ian Hesford ???
• Yau Kin Wai ???
• Wong Wai Tak ???
• Chiu Chun Ming ???
• Lee Wai Man ???
• Lee Kin Wo ???
• Chan Chi Keung ???
• Law Kai Wah ???
• Ross Greer ??
• Tam Siu Wai ???
• Dale Tempest ???
• Chung Ho Yin ???
• Trevor Quow ??
• Au Wai Lun ???

Guangdong

Some of the players in the squad includes:

• Pang Chuangyuen ???
• Wu Qunli ???
• Li Yong ??
• Ou Chuoliang ???

Trivia

• Ross Greer’s goal at 1 min 48 s in the first leg is the fastest goal in the competition history.

Results

First Leg

3 January 1983	Hong Kong	1-1	Guangdong	Mong Kok Stadium Attendance: Referee:
	Ross Greer  2′		Li Yong  54′

Second Leg

10 January 1983	Guangdong	0-1	Hong Kong	Guangzhou Attendance: Referee:
			Tam Siu Wai  ?’

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